Before the advent of Islam, various physical activities such as horse riding, archery, and wrestling were prominent among various civilizations. The religion of Islam gives special attention to both the spiritual and the physical well-being of its adherents. That is to say, in the same way, great emphasis has been placed on the spiritual needs of human beings, their physical needs are as well not being underrated.
The historical relationship between Islam and sports dates back to the early days of the Islamic civilization, which places a strong emphasis on physical well-being as part of overall health. Different kinds of sporting activities such as wrestling, jogging, archery, camel and horse racing were noticed among the early Muslims[1]. The Holy Prophet (peace be upon him and his household) said: “Everything that is not a remembrance of God is an amusement and play, except for four things: a man playing and joking with his wife, training a man his horse, a man walking between two targets [walking and running] and teaching swimming[2].”
Today, the historical legacy of Islam and sports is evident in the diverse range of sporting activities practiced by Muslims around the world. From traditional sports such as camel racing and falconry to modern sports like soccer, basketball, and cricket, the influence of Islam on sporting culture remains significant. Martyr Dr. Pāknejād writes about the importance of walking from the point of view of Islam: “Islam considers walking to be in the same status as eating, for eating is considered necessary for survival, and physical culture (exercise) is considered a necessity for life[3].”
Benefits of Sports
Sports offer a wide range of benefits for individuals, communities, and society as a whole. Overall, the benefits of sports extend beyond the physical realm, encompassing mental, emotional, social, and economic dimensions. Meanwhile, here are some of the key benefits:
1. Physical Health: Health is the greatest divine blessing which must be appreciated and properly taken care of. In this regard, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) said: “Health is the greatest blessing[4].” Engaging in sports promotes physical fitness and overall health by improving cardiovascular health, building strength and endurance, enhancing flexibility, and maintaining a healthy weight. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity[5]. Imam al-Husain (PBUH) said: “Endeavour to maintain your health during your lifetime[6].”
2. Mental Well-being: Sports contribute to mental well-being by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. Participation in sports also enhances cognitive function, sharpens focus, and improves mood. Imam Khomeini was quoted to have said: “A healthy mind is in a healthy body. Just as physical exercise trains the body and makes it healthy; it also makes the mind healthy. And if the mind is healthy, the refinement of the soul should also follow it[7].”
3. Social Interaction: Sports provide opportunities for social interaction, fostering friendships, teamwork, and a sense of belonging. Team sports, in particular, promote cooperation, communication, and camaraderie among participants, leading to stronger social bonds and support networks.
4. Personal Development: Participation in sports promotes personal development by fostering important life skills such as discipline, perseverance, resilience, leadership, and time management. Athletes learn to set goals, work towards achievement, and overcome obstacles, contributing to their overall growth and success.
5. Community Engagement: Sports bring communities together and promote a sense of unity, pride, and identity. Sporting events, tournaments, and leagues serve as platforms for community engagement, cultural exchange, and celebration, strengthening social cohesion and solidarity.
6. Healthy Lifestyle: Engaging in sports encourages the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity, nutritious eating habits, adequate sleep, and avoidance of harmful substances. Athletes serve as role models for healthy living, inspiring others to make positive lifestyle choices.
7. Economic Impact: Sports contribute to the economy through the creation of jobs, revenue generation, and tourism. Sporting events, facilities, and related industries stimulate economic growth, infrastructure development, and investment in local communities.
Islamic Regulations on Sports
In Islam, there are certain regulations and guidelines to be considered when participating in sports. These regulations are derived from Islamic principles and values and aim to ensure that sports activities are conducted in accordance with religious teachings. By adhering to these regulations and guidelines, athletes can ensure that their participation in sports aligns with Islamic principles and values, promoting a positive and ethical sporting environment. Here are some key considerations:
1. Modesty in Attire: Islamic teachings emphasize modesty in attire for both men and women. Athletes are expected to dress modestly while participating in sports, covering their bodies in accordance with Islamic dress codes. This may involve wearing loose-fitting clothing that covers the body appropriately.
2. Maintaining Integrity and Fair Play: Islam places a strong emphasis on honesty, integrity, and fair play in all aspects of life, including sports. Athletes are expected to compete with integrity, uphold the rules of the game, and respect the rights and dignity of their opponents.
3. Avoiding Harm and Injury: Islam prohibits actions that cause harm or injury to oneself or others. Athletes should take precautions to ensure their own safety and the safety of others while participating in sports. This may include wearing protective gear, following safety guidelines, and avoiding reckless behaviour.
4. Respecting Religious Obligations: Athletes should be mindful of their religious obligations while participating in sports. This may include observing prayer times, fasting during Ramadan, and refraining from activities that conflict with religious principles.
5. Avoiding Gambling and Betting: Islam prohibits gambling and betting, as they are considered forms of exploitation and injustice. Athletes should refrain from participating in sports-related gambling or betting activities, both as participants and spectators.
6. Avoiding Excessive Extravagance: Islam encourages moderation and simplicity in all aspects of life, including sports. Athletes should avoid excessive extravagance, wastefulness, and ostentation in their conduct, equipment, and facilities.
Forbidden Sports in Islam
In Islam, certain sports or activities may be considered forbidden (haram) if they contradict Islamic principles or values. Here are some examples of sports or activities that may be prohibited in Islam:
1. Gambling-Related Sports: Any sport or activity that involves gambling or betting is considered haram in Islam. This includes sports betting, card games, and other forms of gambling where participants wager money or valuables on the outcome of a game.
2. Sports that Cause Harm to Oneself or Others: Islam prohibits activities that cause harm or injury to oneself or others. This includes extreme sports or activities that pose a significant risk to participants’ safety or well-being without a legitimate purpose or benefit.
3. Combat Sports with Excessive Violence: Islam promotes principles of mercy, compassion, and respect for others, and activities that promote unnecessary aggression or harm may be considered contrary to these values. Thus, any sport that involves excessive violence, brutality, or harm to opponents may be discouraged.
4. Sports that Promote Immorality or Indecency: Islam emphasizes modesty and decency in all aspects of life, including sports. Activities that involve immodest attire, lewd behaviour, or encourage immoral conduct may be considered forbidden. This includes sports or events that promote promiscuity, objectification of individuals, or violate Islamic principles of modesty.
5. Sports that Promote Idolatry or Polytheism: Islam prohibits participation in activities that promote idolatry or polytheism. This may include sports events or rituals that involve the worship of idols, deities, or practices contrary to Islamic monotheism.
6. Sports that Conflict with Religious Obligations: Engaging in sports or activities that conflict with religious obligations such as prayer times, fasting during Ramadan, or other religious duties may be discouraged in Islam. Prioritizing religious duties over sports activities is emphasized in Islamic teachings.
Ways to Promote Sports among the Youth
Promoting sports among youth in the Muslim community is essential for fostering physical health, social interaction, and personal development. Here are some ways to encourage and support youth participation in sports within the Muslim community:
1. Education and Awareness: Provide education and awareness about the importance of sports and physical activity for overall health and well-being. Emphasize the positive impact of sports on physical fitness, mental health, and social skills.
2. Role Models and Inspirational Figures: Highlight the achievements of Muslim athletes and sports personalities as role models for youth in the community. Showcase their success stories and emphasize the values of discipline, perseverance, and teamwork that led to their success.
3. Accessible Facilities and Programs: Ensure that there are accessible sports facilities and programs available to youth in the community. Establish community sports centres, youth clubs, or recreational spaces where young people can engage in various sports activities.
4. Family and Community Support: Encourage parents, guardians, and community leaders to support and encourage youth participation in sports. Provide resources and information to families about the benefits of sports and how they can support their children’s involvement.
5. Youth Engagement and Leadership: Involve youth in the planning, organization, and leadership of sports programs and events. Empower young people to take ownership of their sporting experiences and contribute to the development of sports initiatives within the community.
6. Promotion of Islamic Values: Emphasize the alignment of sports with Islamic values such as discipline, teamwork, fairness, and respect for others. Incorporate Islamic teachings and principles into sports programs to promote character development and moral integrity.
7. Recognition and Rewards: Recognize and reward youth for their participation, effort, and achievements in sports. Celebrate their successes and milestones to motivate them to continue their involvement and pursue excellence in sports.
Conclusion:
Islam places a significant emphasis on physical well-being as part of overall health and spiritual fulfilment. This is because the body is considered a trust of God and must be properly taken care of. Similarly, Islam teaches that the body and soul are interconnected, and neglecting one’s physical health can have spiritual implications. By taking care of their bodies, Muslims can better fulfil their religious obligations and lead a healthy lifestyle and individuals can better fulfil their responsibilities towards their families, and society as a whole. Besides, there are some Prophetic narrations in which the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him and his household) emphasized the importance of physical fitness and consequently encouraged his followers to engage in physical activities.
Meanwhile, while taking part in sports activities, certain regulations and guidelines such as modesty in attire, integrity and fair play, avoidance of harm and injury, respecting religious obligations and avoidance of gambling should be observed. Similarly, gambling-related sports, sports that cause harm or injury to oneself or others, sports promoting immorality or idolatry and sports that conflict with religious obligations must be avoided.
References
[1] . Abdullah, Manaz, Islam and Sports, p. 8.
[2] . Al-Muttaqī al-Hindī, Kanz al-‘Ummal, vol. 15, p. 211.
[3] . Pāknejād, Seyyed Reza. Awwalīn Dānishqa wa Ᾱkhirīn Payambar, vol. 15, p. 206.
[4] . Al-Amidi Tamimi, ‘Abd al-Wahid. Ghurar Al-Hikam Wa Durar Al-Kalim, vol. 1, p. 263.
[5] . Kyu HH et al, Physical activity and risk of chronic diseases: A Systemic review of observational studies.
[6] . Al-Harrānī, Al-Hasan ibn Ali. Tuhaf al- ‘Uqūl ‘an āl al-Rasūl.
[7] . Khomeini, Ruhullah, Sahife Nūr. vol. 6, p. 146.
